Firstly, let's talk about 'a'. There are three notes to remember when using this article.
1. 'a' is used before a common noun.
-> He is a boy.
-> James bought a book.
2. 'a' is used before a word beginning with a consonant sound (bee, chili, donkey, etc.)
-> This is a pen.
-> Tin is a useful metal.
-> Arnold is a European.
* The words 'useful' and 'European' begins with a consonant sound 'yu'.
3. 'a' is used as one or a certain.
-> Her father gives her a dollar. (In this case, a dollar means one dollar.)
-> She bought these flowers from a woman. (In this case, a woman means a certain woman.)
Secondly, let's talk about 'an'.
1. 'an' is used before a word beginning with a vowel sound (airplane, egg, umbrella, etc.)
-> Timmy saw an elephant in the zoo.
-> Jane is an honest girl.
-> There is only an hour left before Christmas ends.
-> This is an important letter.
* The words 'honest' and 'hour' begins with a vowel sound 'on' and 'our' respectively.
Finally, let's talk about 'The'.
1. 'The' is used before the names of a noun.
-> The Pacific Ocean is very large.
-> The United State of America has a new president.
-> This is the Samsung Note 7.
2. 'The' is used before a particular person or thing which the speaker knows.
-> The principal was angry during the assembly.
-> Mom threw away the rotten apple.
3. 'The' is used when there is only one (sea, earth, star, sky, etc.)
-> The sun shines brightly today.
-> I always like to see the moon.
4. 'The' is used before a superlative (tallest, shortest, highest, strongest, etc.)
-> He is the best boy in the school.
-> She is the prettiest girl in the class.
-> You are the laziest boy in the class.
5. 'The' is used before an adjective when the noun is not mentioned.
-> The rich people must help the poor people.
6. 'The' is used before a noun representing a class or kind.
-> The lion is the king of the beasts.
To sum up, Articles are used to refer to a noun (person, object, place, etc.) and put emphasis on that noun.
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